2022 Text 3（英語二）什么是網(wǎng)絡暗黑模式？

We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives.

不論是在我們的個人生活還是在職業(yè)生涯中，我們都遇到過這種情況。

Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice.

想一想，有多少次你被一個會員或訂閱服務所欺騙或挫敗，這種服務有一個完美的注冊過程，但之后卻很難取消，一些本應簡單透明的事情卻有意無意地變得復雜，損害了消費者的選擇。

These are examples of dark patterns.

這些就是暗黑模式的例子。

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, "dark patterns" is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.

用戶體驗專家哈里·布里格努爾于 2010 年首次提出，“暗黑模式”是一個包羅萬象的術(shù)語，指操縱用戶界面以影響用戶決策能力的做法。

Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel, where user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

布里格努爾識別了 12 種常見的暗黑模式，從誤導和隱藏成本到蟑螂旅館，在那里用戶體驗一開始似乎簡單直觀，但當用戶試圖出去時就變得困難了。

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices.

在 2019 年對 53000 個產(chǎn)品頁面和 11000 個網(wǎng)站的研究中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)大約有十分之一都采用了這些設計實踐。

Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.

雖廣泛流行，但暗黑模式的概念仍然沒有得到很好的理解。

Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

商業(yè)和非營利組織的領(lǐng)導者應該意識到暗黑模式，并努力避免它們產(chǎn)生的灰色區(qū)域。

Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns?

道德、有說服力的設計和暗黑模式之間的界限在哪里？

Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions.

企業(yè)應與信息技術(shù)、合規(guī)性、風險和法律團隊進行對話，以審查其隱私政策，并將負責公司用戶界面的客戶/用戶體驗設計師和編碼員，以及負責注冊結(jié)賬籃、定價和促銷的營銷人員和廣告商納入討論。

Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception".

任何/所有這些團隊都可以在創(chuàng)建或避免“數(shù)字欺騙”方面發(fā)揮作用。

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level.

立法者和監(jiān)管者正慢慢開始解決圍繞暗黑模式的模糊性問題，最近是在州一級。

In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that ensures that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.

3 月，加州總檢察長宣布批準《加州消費者隱私法》(CCPA) 下的附加法規(guī)，確保消費者在尋求行使其數(shù)據(jù)隱私權(quán)時不會被混淆或誤導。

The regulations aim to ban dark pattern — this means prohibiting companies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out.

這些規(guī)定旨在禁止暗黑模式——這意味著禁止公司使用令人困惑的語言或不必要的步驟，如強迫用戶點擊多次屏幕或聽取他們不應選擇退出的理由。

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community.

隨著越來越多的州考慮頒布更多的法規(guī)，有必要從企業(yè)界內(nèi)部加強問責。

Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standard.