For thousands of years, humans, and plants and animals long before that, have been using frozen "sky water" to keep warm. which sort of doesn't make sense.
幾千年來，人類，動(dòng)植物都使用雪來取暖，這毫無道理。
Because snow is cool.
因?yàn)檠┦菦龅摹?/p>
You might even say it's… ice cold.
甚至是說冰涼的。
No one knows for sure who built the first igloo, but with the right fit and the right physics, snow can actually warm you better than the inside of a tauntaun.
沒人確切知道誰建造了第一個(gè)冰屋，但通過合理的構(gòu)造以及合理的物理，雪保暖的能力要比呆在湯湯的體內(nèi)還好。 （注：湯湯是星球大戰(zhàn)里的虛擬生物，雪地蜥蜴）
"You'll be ok, Luke"!
"沒事兒的，盧克！"
So, how can something cold keep you cozy?
但那些冷的東西如何為你保暖呢？
The vast, frozen Arctic is one of the most forbidding environments on our planet, yet, the Inuit have managed to live there for about 5,000 years.
廣闊的北極是地球上環(huán)境最嚴(yán)酷的地方，但因紐特人卻設(shè)法在那里生活了大約5000年。
Out on the pack ice, winter temperatures reach 50 degrees below zero , and when it's that cold, surviving means finding shelter.
冬天，冰面上的溫度達(dá)到了零下50華氏度，在嚴(yán)寒的天氣下，找到棲身地才能夠存活下去。
It's not an area known for its forests, so nomadic hunters learned to build with the only thing available: snow.
北極并沒有森林，因此游牧民學(xué)會(huì)了用僅有的雪來建造房屋。
Eskimo languages really do have dozens and dozens of different words for snow, because there are a lot of different types, and the type of snow you choose can dictate whether your igloo keeps you warm, or turns you into a Homo sapiensicle.
在愛斯基摩語中，有很多不同的詞語都表示"雪"，這些雪被分為不同的種類，根據(jù)雪的種類，可以推斷出冰屋會(huì)為你保暖還是會(huì)將你變成"冰凍人"。
To understand this, we need to know a little something about being cold.
為了更好地理解，我們需要了解一些關(guān)于"冷"的知識(shí)。
When your body temperature starts to plummet – you're feeling heat leave you.
當(dāng)體溫開始下降時(shí)，你會(huì)感覺慢慢失去了所有熱量。
Cold can't move into your body – in fact, there is no such thing as cold.
寒冷并不會(huì)進(jìn)入你的身體，事實(shí)上，并沒有某樣?xùn)|西是"冷"。
Where have I heard that before?
我是在哪里聽到這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的？
Oh, right!
哦，對(duì)。
Think of heat as an actual quantity of stuff.
如果把熱量當(dāng)作一個(gè)有重量的物體。
The more you give away, the colder you feel.
散失的熱量越多，你就會(huì)感覺越冷。
This trading of heat can happen three different ways: by convection, conduction, and radiation.
熱量的傳遞通過三種方式進(jìn)行：對(duì)流、傳導(dǎo)和輻射。
All three are at play in an igloo.
冰屋里面，熱量傳遞的這三種方式都實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
A person inside will radiate body heat, which moves around the igloo by convection, and is lost through the walls by conduction.
冰屋里面的人會(huì)輻射熱量，通過對(duì)流作用，熱量不斷地在屋內(nèi)流動(dòng)，但這些熱量，由于傳導(dǎo)作用，會(huì)散發(fā)出去。
This is exactly what happens in your house.
這就是屋內(nèi)所進(jìn)行的物理過程。
Living insulation does the same thing.
保溫材料就是運(yùn)用的這個(gè)原理進(jìn)行保溫。
Fatty tissues like blubber help stop heat transfer in whales and seals, but for animals who don't have as much junk in the trunk, they cover themselves in air.
富有油脂的東西，如鯨脂，阻止了鯨魚和海豹之間的熱量傳遞，但那些沒有很多油脂的動(dòng)物則用毛來保溫。
Sea otter fur, for example, is about a thousand times denser than human hair.
例如，海獺皮，海獺皮比人類的毛發(fā)要濃密大約一千倍。
It's snuggly stuff.
它的毛非常舒適。
"This is the softest thing I've ever felt in my life. You are adorable"!
"這是我人生當(dāng)中摸過的最柔軟的東西。你太可愛了！"
But the secret to its insulation power is in its texture.
海獺毛保溫的秘密在于毛的紋理。
Otter fur is spiky, so it traps insulating air molecules.
海獺毛尖銳，能夠困住保溫空氣分子。
And that is exactly what snowflakes do.
和雪花是一樣的。
Powdery, fresh snow can be up to 95% trapped air.
新鮮的粉末狀雪花有時(shí)能鎖住95%的空氣。
This makes it an excellent insulator, but the same way you have to pack it in your hands to make a snowball, it isn't dense enough to build with.
因此，雪花是非常好的保溫材料，但如果你想抓一把雪花做一個(gè)雪球的話，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)做不了，因?yàn)槊芏炔粔颉?/p>
Solid ice, on the other hand, makes a good windbreaker, but it's too heavy to lift.
另一方面，堅(jiān)實(shí)的冰防風(fēng)效果很好，但太沉，拿不動(dòng)。
Inuit hunters took the Goldilocks approach: the secret to good igloo snow is somewhere in the middle.
因紐特人采用了金鳳花的辦法：冰屋保暖的秘密在于冰屋的中間部分。
Traditional igloo blocks aren't molded, they're cut out of the ground.
傳統(tǒng)的冰屋并沒有屋子的形象，人們是直接把地挖一個(gè)口子。
That tightly-packed ground snow is dense enough to hold up, but because it still has far more air pockets than a block of ice, it's light, and still a pretty good insulator.
地上的雪非常緊密，可以被拿起來，但其中的空氣還是比冰內(nèi)含有的空氣更多，比較輕便，仍然是個(gè)好的保溫材料。
As usual, animals figured this one out long before humans.
和往常一樣，動(dòng)物比人類更早發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)秘密。
Polar bears, groundhogs, even birds like grouse all make snow burrows to stay warm.
北極熊，土撥鼠，甚至是鳥類，例如松雞，都打雪洞來保暖。
And even before that, plants were tucking into snow to avoid death by freezing.
甚至在這之前，植物會(huì)把自己卷起來，埋入雪中，以防自己被凍死。
During the warm months, heat energy from the sun builds up in soil, and just like the the roof above your head, a deep covering of snow prevents that heat from escaping onward and upward.
天暖和了以后，土壤吸收太陽的熱量，雪就像頭頂?shù)奈蓓斠粯?，防止熱量揮發(fā)。
This snowy blanket above stops ice crystals from forming inside plant roots, and shoots, and seeds.
雪就像一席毯子，防止冰花凍傷植物的根部，嫩芽和種子。
Not freezing to death is a pretty good motivator for any animal to get crafty, but our big primate brains took it one step further with igloos.
不被凍死是所有動(dòng)物變靈巧的動(dòng)力之一， 每日英語 但是人類的大腦更前進(jìn)了一步，想出了冰屋。
Their engineering maximizes warmth and stability.
人類最大化雪花的保暖功能和穩(wěn)定性。
Cartoon igloos look like flat-bottomed half-spheres, but in reality, they're neither of those things!
動(dòng)畫里面的冰屋看起來像平面的半圓，但實(shí)際上不是。
If you were to slice a real igloo in half, you'd see a shape called a catenary.
如果把真正的冰屋分成兩部分，你可以看見懸鏈線的形狀。
This gradually sloping shape is the same one that would form if you held a chain from both ends and let it droop.
如果你拿著一根鏈條的兩端，讓它自由地下落，得到的形狀就是懸鏈線。
A catenary arch distributes weight more evenly than a half circle, without bulging or buckling.
鏈狀比半圓更能承受住重量，并且不會(huì)被壓彎。
In fact it's one of the most stable arches in nature, so sound that we still use it today.
事實(shí)上，這是自然界中最穩(wěn)固的弓形之一，如今我們?nèi)匀怀３Ｓ玫健?/p>
Inside, snow houses are carved in different levels.
冰屋里面有分層。
The hot air rises, and the cold air sinks down into the lower part, and away from where you would eat, sleep, and chill.
熱空氣上升，冷空氣下降至低處，遠(yuǎn)離你吃飯、睡覺以及感到寒冷的地方。
To boot, body heat melts the innermost layer of the walls, strengthening the barrier between you, your airy snow-block insulation, and the frigid great beyond.
人的體熱熔化了墻最深處的部分，增強(qiáng)了人、保溫層和外邊寒冷之間的障礙。
When you live in an igloo, you act as a living furnace.
生活在冰屋內(nèi)，人類就是活火爐。
Over time, the temperature in your icy abode can hover some 40-60 degrees above the surrounding air, but bring a friend to your igloo party, and you'll get warmer, faster.
冰屋的溫度在40-60華氏度之間徘徊，如果你帶朋友去你的冰屋里面聚會(huì)，那你就會(huì)變得更暖和。
Stay cozy, and stay curious!
注意保暖，保持求知心！
海量英語聽力資源，高亮雙語字幕，盡在每日英語聽力~
用戶評(píng)論
深宸海
keep reading ten minutes Sigle b'day.come on