Text 1
文章 一
Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.
老鼠和其他動物需要高度適應(yīng)他人的社交信號，這樣它們才能識別出要合作的朋友和要避開的敵人。
To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
為了了解這一點(diǎn)是否延伸到非生物，加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校的Loleh Quinn 和她的同事們測試了老鼠是否能檢測到機(jī)器人老鼠的社交信號。
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat — one social and one asocial — for four days.
他們將 8 只成年老鼠與兩種類型的機(jī)器鼠——一種是社交型的，一種是非社交型的——一起飼養(yǎng)了 4 天。
The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.
這些機(jī)器鼠相當(dāng)簡約，就像一個粗壯版的電腦鼠標(biāo)，有輪子可以移動，還有彩色的標(biāo)記。
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape.
實(shí)驗過程中，社會型機(jī)器鼠跟著生活中的老鼠到處跑，玩同樣的玩具，并打開籠門讓被困的老鼠逃跑。
Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.
與此同時，非社交機(jī)器鼠只是向前向后和左右移動。
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.
接下來，研究人員將機(jī)器鼠困在籠子里，讓老鼠有機(jī)會通過按下杠桿釋放機(jī)器人。
Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one.
在18次實(shí)驗的每一次中，生活中的老鼠解救社交機(jī)器鼠的可能性比解救非社交機(jī)器鼠的平均高52%。
This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being.
這表明，老鼠認(rèn)為社交機(jī)器鼠是一個真正的社會存在。
They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviors like communal exploring and playing.
它們可能與社交機(jī)器鼠建立了更多的聯(lián)系，因為它表現(xiàn)出了公共探索和游戲等行為。
This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favor when they get trapped, says Quinn.
Quinn 說，這可能導(dǎo)致老鼠更好地記住之前釋放了它，并希望機(jī)器鼠在它們被困時回報它們。
"Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them," says Quinn.
“老鼠已經(jīng)被證明會進(jìn)行多種形式的互惠幫助和合作，包括所謂的直接互惠，一只老鼠會幫助另一只之前幫助過它們的老鼠，”Quinn 說。
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design.
考慮到社交機(jī)器鼠的最小化設(shè)計，老鼠愿意與它做朋友是令人驚訝的。
The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.
該機(jī)器鼠的大小與普通老鼠一樣，但卻像一個帶輪子的簡單塑料盒。
"We'd assumed we'd have to give its moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't necessary," says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.
澳大利亞昆士蘭大學(xué)的珍妮特·懷爾斯說：“我們以為要給它活動的頭和尾巴、面部特征，并在它身上放些東西，讓它聞起來像一只真正的老鼠，但這并不是必要的?！?她幫助進(jìn)行了研究。
The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.
該發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，老鼠對社會線索十分敏感，即使它們來自基本的機(jī)器鼠。
Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.
同樣，孩子們傾向于把機(jī)器人當(dāng)作同胞，即使它們只表現(xiàn)出簡單的社交信號。
"We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too," says Wiles.
“我們?nèi)祟愃坪醣粰C(jī)器人迷住了，事實(shí)證明其他動物也是如此，”Wiles 說。
21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can '_.
Quinn 和她的同事進(jìn)行了一項測試，看看老鼠是否能 '_。
[A] pick up social signals from non-living rats
從非生物老鼠身上獲取到社會信號
[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one
區(qū)分友好的老鼠和敵對的老鼠
[C] attain sociable traits through special training
通過特殊訓(xùn)練獲得可交際的特點(diǎn)
[D] send out warning messages to their fellows
向同伴發(fā)出警告信息
22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?
實(shí)驗過程中，非社交機(jī)器鼠做了什么？
[A] It followed the social robot.
跟著社交機(jī)器鼠。
[B] It played with some toys.
玩一些玩具。
[C] It set the trapped rats free.
把被困的老鼠放了出來。
[D] It moved around alone.
獨(dú)自行動。
23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they '_.
根據(jù) Quinn 的說法，老鼠放走了社交機(jī)器鼠，因為它們 '_。
[A] tried to practice a means of escape
試圖練習(xí)一種逃跑的手段
[B] expected it to do the same in return
希望它也能做出同樣的回報
[C] wanted to display their intelligence
想展示自己的智慧
[D] considered that an interesting game
認(rèn)為這是一個有趣的游戲
24. James Wiles notes that rats '_.
James Wiles 指出，老鼠 '_。
[A] can remember other rat's facial features
能記住其他老鼠的面部特征
[B] differentiate smells better than sizes
區(qū)分氣味比區(qū)分大小更有效
[C] respond more to actions than to looks
對行動的反應(yīng)比對外表的反應(yīng)更多
[D] can be scared by a plastic box on wheels
可以被輪子上的塑料盒嚇到
25. It can be learned from the text that rats '_.
從文中可以得知，老鼠 '_。
[A] appear to be adaptable to new surroundings
似乎能適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境
[B] are more socially active than other animals
有比其他動物更活躍的社會性
C] behave differently from children in socializing
在社交方面與兒童的表現(xiàn)不同
[D] are more sensitive to social cues than expected
用戶評論