9月8日午間英語新聞：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：屏幕時間與幼兒期發(fā)育遲緩有關(guān)

>Screen time linked with developmental delays in toddlers, study finds

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：屏幕時間與幼兒期發(fā)育遲緩有關(guān)

Handing your baby a phone or tablet to play with may seem like a harmless solution when you’re busy, but it could quickly affect their development, a new study has found.

一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在人們忙碌的時候，給寶寶一部手機(jī)或平板電腦讓他玩似乎是一個無害的解決方案，但這可能會很快影響他們的發(fā)育。

Having anywhere from one to four hours of screen time per day at age 1 is linked with higher risks of developmental delays in communication, fine motor, problem-solving and personal and social skills by age 2, according to a study of 7,097 children published Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.

根據(jù)周一（8月21日）發(fā)表在《美國醫(yī)學(xué)會兒科學(xué)》雜志上的一項對7097名兒童的研究，1歲時每天有一到四小時的屏幕時間，與2歲時在溝通、精細(xì)動作、解決問題以及個人和社交技能方面發(fā)育遲緩的風(fēng)險較高有關(guān)。

“It’s a really important study because it has a very large sample size of children who’ve been followed for several years,” said Dr. Jason Nagata, associate professor of pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco, who wasn’t involved in the study.

加州大學(xué)舊金山分校兒科副教授杰森-永田博士說："這是一項非常重要的研究，因為它有一個非常大的樣本量，對兒童進(jìn)行了數(shù)年的跟蹤調(diào)查。”

The study measured how many hours children used screens per day at age 1 and how they performed in several developmental domains — communication skills, fine motor skills, personal and social skills, and problem-solving skills — at ages 2 and 4. Both measures were according to the mothers’ self-reports.

這項研究測量了兒童在 1 歲時每天使用屏幕的時間，以及他們在 2 歲和 4 歲時在幾個發(fā)育領(lǐng)域（溝通技能、精細(xì)動作技能、個人和社交技能以及解決問題的技能）的表現(xiàn)。這兩項測量都是根據(jù)母親的自我報告進(jìn)行的。

By age 2, those who had had up to four hours of screen time per day were up to three times more likely to experience developmental delays in communication and problem-solving skills.

到2歲時，每天使用屏幕時間多達(dá)四小時的兒童在溝通和解決問題能力方面出現(xiàn)發(fā)育遲緩的可能性要高出三倍。

Those who had spent four or more hours with screens were 4.78 times more likely to have underdeveloped communication skills, 1.74 times more likely to have subpar fine motor skills and two times more likely to have underdeveloped personal and social skills by age 2. By age 4, risk remained only in the communication and problem-solving categories.

那些與屏幕接觸四小時或更多的兒童，到2歲時，其溝通能力發(fā)育不足的可能性要高出 4.78 倍，精細(xì)動作能力不足的可能性要高出 1.74 倍，個人和社交能力發(fā)育不足的可能性要高出兩倍。到 4 歲時，風(fēng)險只存在于溝通和解決問題方面。

“One of the areas that’s relatively understudied in the whole screen time literature is looking at impacts of screen exposure on very young kids, especially when screens are introduced to babies,” said Dr. John Hutton, associate professor of general and community pediatrics at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, who wasn’t involved in the study. “It’s definitely a global concern, and I think the findings should apply to, really, other countries as well.”

辛辛那提兒童醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)中心普通和社區(qū)兒科副教授約翰?赫頓博士說："在整個屏幕時間文獻(xiàn)中，研究相對不足的領(lǐng)域之一是屏幕暴露對年幼兒童的影響，尤其是當(dāng)屏幕被給到嬰兒時。"這絕對是一個全球關(guān)注的問題，我認(rèn)為（這里的）研究結(jié)果應(yīng)該也適用于其他國家。”

The potential harms of screen time on communication skills may have to do with children being robbed of drivers for language development, Hutton said.

赫頓說，屏幕時間對溝通技能的潛在危害可能與兒童被剝奪了語言發(fā)展的動力有關(guān)。

“Kids learn how to talk if they’re encouraged to talk, and very often, if they’re just watching a screen, they’re not having an opportunity to practice talking,” he said. “They may hear a lot of words, but they’re not practicing saying a lot of words or having a lot of that back-and-forth interaction.”

他說："如果孩子們被鼓勵說話，他們就會學(xué)會如何說話，而很多時候，如果他們只是在看屏幕，他們就沒有機(jī)會練習(xí)說話。" 他們可能會聽到很多單詞，但他們并沒有練習(xí)說很多單詞或進(jìn)行很多來回互動。

Technology use can take time away from interpersonal relationships that nurture social skills since real people are more multidimensional than characters on a screen, Hutton added. Looking at people’s faces is when our brains turn on to figure out how to interact with them.

赫頓補(bǔ)充說，科技的使用會占用培養(yǎng)社交能力的人際關(guān)系的時間，因為真人比屏幕上的人物更加多面。看著別人的臉，我們的大腦就會開始思考如何與他們互動。

“Longer term, one of the real goals is for kids just to be able to sit quietly in their own thoughts,” Hutton said.

赫頓說："從長遠(yuǎn)來看，真正的目標(biāo)之一是讓孩子們能夠安靜地沉浸在自己的思考中。" 

There are other factors that can affect a child’s development, such as genetics, adverse experiences such as neglect or abuse, and socioeconomic factors, Nagata said.

永田說，還有其他一些因素會影響兒童的發(fā)展，如遺傳、被忽視或被虐待等不良經(jīng)歷以及社會經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。

In the latest research, mothers of children with high levels of screen time were more likely to be younger, have never given birth before, have a lower household income, have a lower education level and have postpartum depression.

在最新的研究中，屏幕時間較多的兒童的母親更有可能更年輕、以前從未生育過、家庭收入較低、受教育程度較低以及患有產(chǎn)后抑郁癥。

> Privacy a big issue as major automakers sell consumers' personal data

注意：你的汽車正在搜集并出售你的信息

Most major automakers admit they may sell consumers' personal information, and half say they share it with the government or law enforcement without a court order, according to a new survey released Wednesday by the nonprofit Mozilla Foundation.

當(dāng)?shù)貢r間6日 美國非營利機(jī)枃謀智基金會發(fā)布的一份最新調(diào)查顯示，大多數(shù)主流汽車制造商承認(rèn)它們可能會出售消費(fèi)者的個人信息。此外一半的汽車制造商表示，他們會在沒有法院命令的情況下與政府或執(zhí)法部門分享這些信息。

A survey of the world's top 25 car companies, including Tesla, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, Mercedes, and Audi, found that not a single company met Mozilla's minimum privacy standards. 

謀智對世界25家主流汽車公司進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，這些公司包括特斯拉、日產(chǎn)、現(xiàn)代、通用、奔馳、奧迪等等。結(jié)果顯示，沒有一家公司能達(dá)到謀智的最低隱私標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Mozilla has been studying data privacy in more than a dozen product categories since 2017, including fitness trackers, smart speakers and other connected home appliances, with cars scoring the lowest on privacy.

諒智自2017年以來一直在研究十幾個產(chǎn)品類別的振數(shù)隱私情況，其中包括健身追蹤器，智能揚(yáng)聲器和其它聯(lián)網(wǎng)家用電器汽車在隱私方面得分最低。

Mozilla said there are microphones in the cars, and people have all sorts of sensitive conversations there. The car also has inward and outward cameras and various digital control consoles. 

調(diào)查稱，汽車?yán)镉宣溈孙L(fēng)，人們在車?yán)镞M(jìn)行各種敏感的對話。車上還有向內(nèi)和向外的攝像頭、各種數(shù)字化的控制臺等。

Consumers have little or no control over what personal information is collected by their vehicles and to whom it is sold. Given the vulnerability of car manufacturers to hackers, data security in cars is a big concern.

消費(fèi)者很少或根本無法控制他們的車輛會收集什么個人信息，以及這些信息會被出售給誰?？紤]到汽車制造商易受黑客玫擊的情況，汽車的數(shù)據(jù)安全問題令人十分擔(dān)憂。