World trade is a big business.
全球貿(mào)易的流通是非常重要的。
I mean yeah, it pretty much is the economy after all and thus situating yourself near a chokepoint between two major bodies of water (à la Singapore) can be a godsend to an area's local economy.
我的意思是說(shuō)，主要是經(jīng)濟(jì)上的貢獻(xiàn)。運(yùn)河的修建對(duì)于當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展是非常有利的。
However if I were to ask most people which is the most important waterway in the world, sure some would answer the Straights of Malacca or the South China Sea, but for most it would be a toss-up between the Panama and Suez Canals.
但是，如果我問(wèn)你世界上哪條運(yùn)河最重要？肯定有人會(huì)說(shuō)是馬六甲海峽或是中國(guó)南海，但大多數(shù)人可能會(huì)在巴拿馬運(yùn)河和蘇伊士運(yùn)河之間做出一個(gè)選擇。
So in this video, we will go to be focus on the history and construction of the Suez Canal, the bigger and also much older of the two.
所以在這段視頻中，我們將重點(diǎn)介紹蘇伊士運(yùn)河的歷史和修建過(guò)程，它是這兩條運(yùn)河中全程更長(zhǎng)，歷史更悠久的一條運(yùn)河。
Like, much older.
就像足夠老了的人一樣。
The Suez Canal, as it currently exists, is a 193-kilometer artificial waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea at Port Said to the Red Sea at Port Tewfik.
至今尚存的蘇伊士運(yùn)河，是一條總長(zhǎng)為193公里的人工水道，連接著塞得港的地中海和特菲克港的紅海。
This waterway connects the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in a way that doesn't require a ship heading between Europe and Asia either go around Africa or. . . wait for the ice to melt in the Arctic.
這條海上通道連接大西洋和印度洋，船只不需要經(jīng)過(guò)歐洲和亞洲，也不需要繞過(guò)非洲或……等到北極冰雪融化再航行。
The canal also, unlike the Panama Canal, has no locks at all, making it much easier for some of the world's ships to slip right through and for the canal to be expanded, should the Egyptian government prioritize such a project.
蘇伊士運(yùn)河也不像巴拿馬運(yùn)河那樣，因?yàn)樗緵](méi)有限行禁令，這使得大量船只能夠很容易地直接通過(guò)，因此埃及政府也曾考慮過(guò)運(yùn)河的擴(kuò)建工程。
This makes this little waterway between Africa and Asia one of the most revolutionary projects in the transportation world.
這也使得連接非洲和亞洲的這條小型海上通道成為交通運(yùn)輸界最具標(biāo)志性的建筑之一。
With this canal, a ship traveling from (for example) Port Sudan to Antalya, Turkey would only have to travel about 2,000 kilometers, without the canal going to Africa, this distance would be nearly 23,000 kilometers, meaning that by Port Sudan it would be a shorter distance by boat to Samoa.
有了這條運(yùn)河，一艘從蘇丹港到安塔利亞或土耳其的船，只需行駛約2000公里，如果沒(méi)有這條通往非洲的運(yùn)河，這段距離將接近2萬(wàn)3千公里，這表明從蘇丹坐船到薩摩亞的距離變短了。
So this is pretty damn important!
所以，這條運(yùn)河是很重要的！
The Suez Canal was first opened in 1869, or at least the Suez Canal as we know it today.
蘇伊士運(yùn)河于1869年首次通航，或者至少是我們今天所知道的蘇伊士運(yùn)河。
You see, as tough as it may have been to build a canal at this scale, this canal was far from the first of its kind of area, and even less so the first attempt.
你知道嗎，修建一條如此規(guī)模的運(yùn)河是很困難的，但這條運(yùn)河遠(yuǎn)非第一次，更不止第一次嘗試。
In fact a canal of this sort was first attempted by Egypt in the 19th century…
事實(shí)上，這種類(lèi)型的運(yùn)河最早是19世紀(jì)的埃及首次嘗試修建的。
BC, under the rule of Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret II— though do keep in mind these records aren't in the best condition, with some theorizing that it might have been under the rule of Ramesses II, over 600 years later, which is a pretty big range.
公元前，在中王國(guó)法老塞努斯雷特二世的統(tǒng)治下——但這些記錄可能不太準(zhǔn)確，因此也有人推測(cè)可能是在拉美西斯二世的統(tǒng)治下，大約600年前，這個(gè)年份跨度有點(diǎn)大。
Regardless, this canal was not located in the Sinai Peninsula, as is the current one, rather it was a canal between the Red Sea (which at this time extended much further north) and the Nile River;logically seeing as this was the heart of Egyptian civilization.
不管怎樣，當(dāng)時(shí)這條運(yùn)河不像現(xiàn)在的運(yùn)河這樣位于西奈半島，更確切地說(shuō)，它是紅海（當(dāng)時(shí)它向北延伸得更遠(yuǎn)）和尼羅河之間的一條運(yùn)河；可以看出，它是埃及文明的核心。
Later canals in this area, likely even building upon the original, were constructed over 1,000 years later, with the only functional one of these being built under Darius I of Persia.
后來(lái)，這個(gè)地區(qū)的運(yùn)河，可能都是在原有基礎(chǔ)上修建的，大約在1000多年后修建的，其中唯一實(shí)用的一條運(yùn)河是在波斯大流士一世統(tǒng)治下建造的。
A canal was reportedly later opened by the time of the Islamic Caliphates between the Red Sea and Old Cairo (basically the pre-release version of Cairo itself), though this canal was reportedly closed under orders from Caliph Al-Mansur in the 8th century AD.
據(jù)報(bào)道，在伊斯蘭哈里發(fā)統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，紅海和舊開(kāi)羅（現(xiàn)在開(kāi)羅的發(fā)源地）之間的一條運(yùn)河通航了，但報(bào)道稱(chēng)，公元8世紀(jì)，哈里發(fā)曼蘇爾下令關(guān)閉這條運(yùn)河。
That combined with the Red Sea gradually receding away from what are now the Bitter Lakes caused the canal to fade into disuse.
加上紅海逐漸遠(yuǎn)離死海，導(dǎo)致這條運(yùn)河漸漸廢棄了。
Trade in the area was generally served more by overland caravan until after the 15th century, when western European nations decided to start going west to try to get to East Asia, and also after the Portuguese figured out how to encircle Africa in 1488.
該地區(qū)的貿(mào)易通常是由陸路商隊(duì)完成的，直到15世紀(jì)，這時(shí)西歐國(guó)家決定開(kāi)始向西開(kāi)展貿(mào)易，并試圖到達(dá)東亞。同期，葡萄牙人在1488年試圖將非洲變成殖民地。
Venice was a natural loser in this arrangement, and so decided to strike a deal with the Mamluk Sultanate to build a new canal through the Sinai Peninsula, but this idea had to be shelved because of that whole Ottoman-conquest-of-Egypt-in-1517 thing.
在這一時(shí)局下，威尼斯輸了，于是決定與馬穆魯克蘇丹國(guó)達(dá)成協(xié)議，在西奈半島修建一條新運(yùn)河，但是在1517年，奧斯曼帝國(guó)統(tǒng)治了埃及。因此，這個(gè)協(xié)議被擱置了。
That didn't mean the Ottomans weren't interested in a Suez Canal either though, in fact it would have been a godsend to connect the imperial core in and around Constantinople to the trade and pilgrimage routes of the Indian Ocean (I mean, the Ottoman Empire did also hold Mecca).
這并不意味著奧斯曼人對(duì)蘇伊士運(yùn)河不感興趣，事實(shí)上，奧斯曼是一個(gè)信奉神學(xué)的國(guó)家，將君士坦丁堡及其周?chē)牡蹏?guó)核心與印度洋的貿(mào)易和朝圣路線(xiàn)聯(lián)系起來(lái)（我是說(shuō)，奧斯曼帝國(guó)也有麥加信仰）。 每聽(tīng)
However this project was eventually deemed too expensive and also shelved.
然而，修建運(yùn)河這個(gè)項(xiàng)目最終因?yàn)閮r(jià)格太昂貴，被終止了。
Napoleon then came to Egypt at the end of the 18th century and also thought building a canal here would be a good idea and so decided to survey the land.
18世紀(jì)末，拿破侖來(lái)到埃及，他也認(rèn)為在這里修建運(yùn)河是個(gè)好主意，于是決定征用這塊土地。
However their calculations told them that the Red Sea was about 10 meters higher than the Mediterranean, and so they also gave up.
然而，通過(guò)計(jì)算發(fā)現(xiàn)紅海比地中海高10米左右，所以他們也放棄了。
In the following decades, with Egypt now under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty (again, no relation), a railway was setup between Alexandria and Suez… but this wasn't good enough for global trade, so guess what they thought of?
在接下來(lái)的幾十年里，埃及正處于穆罕默德阿里統(tǒng)治時(shí)期（再次聲明，可能沒(méi)有關(guān)系），亞歷山大和蘇伊士之間已經(jīng)建立了一條鐵路，但這對(duì)全球貿(mào)易來(lái)說(shuō)還不夠有利，所以你猜測(cè)一下當(dāng)時(shí)的人在想些什么？ 倩言
That's right, another canal!
沒(méi)錯(cuò)，修建一條運(yùn)河！
After it was found that Napoleon's surveys got the height of the seas wrong, the canal's biggest sponsor was Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps.
拿破侖經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)海洋高度量錯(cuò)了，運(yùn)河的最大贊助商是法國(guó)人費(fèi)迪南德·德萊塞普斯。
Initially Muhammad Ali Pasha was not interested, but de Lesseps became a long-time friend with his son Mohammed Sa'id Pasha, who granted a special zone for the canal to be built, with the Suez Canal Company established in 1858, and the land given to said company on a 99-year lease with 75% of the profits going to them,15% to Egypt, and 10% to their investors.
一開(kāi)始，穆罕默德·阿里·帕沙對(duì)此不感興趣，但是德萊塞普斯和他的兒子穆罕默德·薩伊德·帕沙是很好的朋友，他為運(yùn)河的修建設(shè)立了一個(gè)特別區(qū)域，蘇伊士運(yùn)河公司于1858年成立，并拿到這塊土地99年的使用權(quán)，期間75%的利潤(rùn)歸蘇伊士運(yùn)河公司所有，15%歸埃及政府所有，10%歸投資者所有。
Construction broke ground in 1859 and would take ten years and a grand total of over 1.5 million workers throughout the decade (though usually 30,000 at a time), with thousands of worker deaths due to various outbreaks, mainly cholera.
但運(yùn)河的施工曾于1859年中斷過(guò)，最終花了10年時(shí)間修建完成，總用工人數(shù)超過(guò)150萬(wàn)人（每次施工通常需要3萬(wàn)人參與），期間由于霍亂等各種意外的發(fā)生，造成數(shù)千名工人死亡。
After the two teams met in the middle at the Bitter Lakes, a huge opening ceremony was held on the canal on 15th November 1869, with banquets on Ismail Pasha's yacht and blessings with both Christian and Islamic ceremonies (including a temporary church and mosque for the event).
運(yùn)河兩頭終于在苦海連接起來(lái)了，1869年11月15日，蘇伊士運(yùn)河舉行了一場(chǎng)盛大的通航儀式。伊斯梅爾·帕沙在游艇上舉辦宴會(huì)，并用基督教和伊斯蘭儀式（包括臨時(shí)教堂和清真寺）祈福。
The area, seeing virtually immediate success, was declared in the Constantinople Convention to be an international zone under British protection.
該地區(qū)，幾乎同一時(shí)間聲名大噪，君士坦丁堡公約正式簽訂，君士坦丁堡成為受英國(guó)保護(hù)的國(guó)際區(qū)。
This would play a pivotal part in the World Wars, and would also contribute to conflict between Britain and Egypt in the Suez Crisis.
這將在世界大戰(zhàn)中起到關(guān)鍵作用，而且也是造成蘇伊士危機(jī)中英埃沖突的直接原因。
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